In this Unit we will talk about Architecture, Art and Inventions. We will look at story writing and explaining how things work. We will examine Past Modals of Deduction and Word Stress.
Work with a partner and discuss this question. What is genius?
What the video and answer these questions.
What kind of character did Isaac Newton have?
What kind of character did Richard Feynman have?
Did they have anything in common?
Work with a partner and look at the paintings above, each one is considered a masterpiece. Which, if any, of the paintings do you prefer and why?
You can find information about the National Gallery of Ireland by following the link
Modals of Deduction
We can use modal verbs to talk about how sure or unsure we are about something in the past just as we use modals in the present with a slight change in the form.
He must be really happy about his promotion. (present deduction)
He must have been very happy when he was told about his promotion. (past deduction)
When we use a modal verb to talk about a situation where we are not expressing a fact but we are using deduction the form is MODAL + have + past participle
Must have + past participle
We use ‘must have + past participle’ when we are quite sure about something.
You must have been very pleased when you received the results of your exams.
Might have/may have/could have + past participle
We use ‘might have/may have/could have + past participle’ when we are not sure about something but we think it was possible.
He was supposed to be here an hour ago but he could have been stuck in a traffic jam.
Can’t have + past participle
We use ‘can’t have + past participle’ for things that we are sure did not happen in the past.
I can’t have left my phone at work. You phoned me when I was walking to my car. That’s it. It must be in the car.
Watch the video on the design of the Dublin Convention Centre. What does the building look like to you? How does it seem?
Are there any famous buildings in your country whose design you really like?
You can find more information on Modals on the Grammar Page
Complete these sentences using a modal of deduction.
1. A: James was at the party last night.
B: He ___________________________ (be)! He's in China.
2. You _____________________ (be) pleased when you passed your driving test.
3. Anna wasn't at work today. She _____________________ (have) the day off.
4. A: Where's Mike?
B: I'm not sure. He __________________________ (go) home.
5. There was so much traffic, there ____________________ (be) an accident.
6. Janet _____________________ (ring) you last night. Her phone isn't working.
Work with a partner and read the situation below.
You wake up on your sofa with a very sore head. Your friends are all sleeping on the floor of the living room. One of your friends is wearing a wedding dress. You have a big bruise on your knee. There is an unfamiliar cat walking around the room. The room smells of something burning. Your car is not outside.
Using modals of deduction, discuss with your partner what you think happened.
You can find more information on Irish Architecture in the link
Here are a number of adjectives used to describe buildings. Decide if they are used to describe physical characteristics or if they are used to given personal opinion.
beachfront burnt-out comfortable condemned dank derelict dilapidated en suite high-rise modest prefabricated redbrick secure snug spacious sprawling
Physical
Opinion
Watch the video and decide which invention you think is the worst.
What type of machine would you like to see be invented?
Why was the tea cup a terrible invention for China?
What did the Scottish not invent?